Achelis, Hans. “Fasting.” The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Ed. Samuel M. Jackson. 15 vols. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1977.

Bass, Clarence B. “Fast, Fasting.” Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible. Ed. Walter A. Elwell. 2 vols. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1988.

Behm, Johannes. “Nestis, Nesteuo, Nesteia.” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament: Abridged in One Volume. Ed. Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich. Trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985.

Bright, Bill. “Releasing God’s Power through Fasting.” Partners in Prayer. By John Maxwell. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1996.

“Christian Living: Responsibilities toward God.” Topical Analysis of the Bible: With the New International Version. Ed. Walter A. Elwell. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1991.

Dugan, Kathleen M. “Fasting for Life: The Place of Fasting in the Christian Tradition.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 63 (1995): 539-48.

Foster, Richard J. “The Discipline of Fasting.” Celebration of Discipline: The Path to Spiritual Growth. By Foster. Rev. ed. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 1988. 47-61.

Harrison, R. K. “Fast.” The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. 4th ed. 4 vols. Ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979-88.

Hinson, E. Glenn. “Fasting.” Encyclopedia of Early Christianity. Ed. Everett Ferguson. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 846. New York: Garland, 1990.

Linder, Robert D. “Fast, Fasting.” Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Ed. Walter A. Elwell. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1984.

Maclean, Arthur J. “Fasting (Christian).” Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Ed. James Hastings. 13 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1912.

Martin, Paul. “Benefits of Fasting.” Christian Century 30 Mar. 1977: 293-301.

Mathewes-Green, Frederica. “To Hell on a Cream Puff.” Christianity Today 13 Nov. 1995: 44-48.

M’Clintock, John. “Fasting in the Christian Church.” Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Ed. John M’Clintock and James Strong. 12 vols. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1969.

Mitchell, Curtis C. “The Practice of Fasting in the New Testament.” Bibliotheca Sacra 147 (1990): 455-69.

Rader, Rosemary. “Fasting.” The Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Mircea Eliade. 16 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1987.

“Sanctification.” Topical Analysis of the Bible: With the New International Version. Ed. Walter A. Elwell. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1991.

Strong, James. “Fast.” Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Ed. John M’Clintock and James Strong. 12 vols. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1969.

Towns, Elmer L. Fasting for Spiritual Breakthrough. Ventura, CA: Regal Books, 1996.

Unger, Merrill F. “Fast, Fasting.” The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary. Ed. R. K. Harrison. Rev. and updated ed. Chicago: Moody, 1988.

Wallis, Arthur. God’s Chosen Fast: A Spiritual and Practical Guide to Fasting. 1st American ed. Fort Washington, PA: Christian Literature Crusade, 1975.